Chapter 14 – Ecosystem
The chapter Ecosystem explains how living organisms interact with each other and with their physical environment to form a functional unit called an ecosystem. It describes the structure and components of an ecosystem, including biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (air, water, soil, and climate). The chapter also discusses important ecological processes such as energy flow, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, and nutrient cycling. Understanding ecosystems helps explain how nature maintains balance and how organisms depend on one another for survival. These concepts are important for both Class 12 board exams and NEET preparation.
Ecosystem Class 12 NCERT
